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Everything in your C++ program, from integers to text, is represented as bits: 1s and 0s.
This post explains how fundamental C++ types are stored and interpreted in memory, how endianness affects them, and why understanding representation matters when debugging, optimizing, or working close to the hardware.
You’ve written a program, compiled it, and run it.
But what actually happens after you press Enter?
How does your source code turn into electric signals, memory reads, and CPU instructions?
Understanding this process, from code to execution, bridges the gap between software and hardware, and it’s one of the most empowering things you can learn as a developer.
In programming, we often talk about data structures, like arrays, lists, stacks, queues, and so on.
But underneath them lies a deeper, more theoretical concept that defines how we use and reason about these structures: the Abstract Data Type, or ADT.
Programming is often described as writing code.
But that phrase hides something deeper.
Programming is the act of translating human intent into machine behavior.
Let's strip away the layers of modern tooling and ask the most fundamental question:
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